In economics, utility is the pleasure or satisfaction that people derive fromconsuming a product or service. [82] Stephen S. Hanson, ‘He Didn’t Want to Let His Team Down’: The Challenge of Dual Loyalty for Team Physicians, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 45(3): 215-227 (2018). Discuss your reasoning. [38] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. [40] Thomas L. Schwenk, Depression and Pain in Retired Professional Football Players, Medicine & Science in Sports & Leisure, 39(4): 599-605 92007)(but finding that when coupled with difficult with pain, problems with sleep and social relations often followed). like hedonism in that it has the importance of happiness for all humans as its core belief For example, the airline industry offers first class, business class and economy class seats on many of their airplanes. The field is surprisingly new. Utilitarianism in business can lead to a bottom-line mentality in which decisions are based on achieving the greatest good for the organization as it pertains to the greatest number of stakeholders, including shareholders and all others affected by the actions of the organization The outcome is the determining factor, not the intent of the actors or whether people are treated humanely. https://dc.law.utah.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=ulr, Sokol, Joshua, “Troubled Treasure,” Science, May 23, 2019.   https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/fossils-burmese-amber-offer-exquisite-view-dinosaur-times-and-ethical-minefield, Thiha, “Myanmar’s New Gold Mine is Dinosaur Amber, July 11, 2018. https://consult-myanmar.com/2018/07/11/myanmars-new-gold-mine-is-dinosaur-amber/, Xing, Linda et al., “A Feathered Dinosaur Tail with Primitive Plumage Trapped in Mid-Cretaceous Amber,” Current Biology, 26: 24, pl. They’re all in good shape. Again, these studies are broken down by league level: Studies such as these provide ammunition for those who defend organized football as an institution. But the essential form of the doctrine narrated by different adherents is the same. Over two regular seasons (2012-2014), NFL players sustained 4,384 injuries, including 301 concussions. [12] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. “Essential doctrines of utilitarianism are stated by him with a clearness and consistency not to be found in any other writer of the century and that from Hume to J. S. Mill the doctrine received no substantial alteration.” Utilitarianism has a number of varieties in its formulation. [27] Bryan R. Cobb et al., Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football: Elementary School Ages 9-12 Years and the Effect of Practice Structure, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 41: 2463-2473 (2013). Utilitarianism (pronounced yoo-TILL-ih-TARE-ee-en-ism) is one of the main schools of thought in modern ethics (also known as moral philosophy). The NFL and universities, among others, urge no rash actions until there is more concrete proof of a causal link between concussions and adverse health outcomes. Reducing tackling in practices has reduced overall concussion numbers among high school players, even though the number of concussions in games has risen slightly. [75] Steve Almond, Is It Immoral to Watch the Super Bowl?, New York Times, Jan. 24, 2014. Utilitarianism can be used in any business decision that seeks to maximize positive effects (especially morally, but also financially) and minimize negative ones. And for the same reason, a helmet alone will not prevent CTE.”[55] Furthermore, while the NFL has banned helmet-to-helmet hits, these are neither the only nor the most common cause of concussions. Web. Which approach do you think should be used to determine the ethicality of banning, or at least seriously reforming, football to reduce head trauma? Every business focuses on making and increasing more profits as its primary goal, which may lead them to use the means, which may be considered immoral, unethical or illegal. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that suggests that the best actions are those that maximize utility. Discussion Questions on High Schools & Colleges, Discussion Questions on Youth Leagues (Under 14). [65] Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? In one study, use of newly-designed football helmets and safe tackling techniques eliminated concussions for 20 middle school aged players for an entire season. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. This aspect of utilitarianism suggests that actions are good for the greatest wellbeing of the society or many people. [55] Julie Mack, What Parents Need to Know about Football, Concussions and Head Injuries, mlive.com, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html (quoting neuroscientist Julie Stamm). A study of former high school and college football players found that RHI exposure predicted later-life apathy, depression, executive dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. The notion of ethical business practices has led to the formation of theories including the utilitarian theory, rights theory, justice theory, caring theory, and virtues theory, which have since been integral in the understanding of business ethics. We all know that business class passengers pay a premium price to get all the luxuries of that class that the airline offers. If the happiness of the many is increased enough, it can justify making one (or a few) miserable in service of the rest. A policy issue? Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). In many respects, it is the outlook of Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) and his writings from the mid-18th century. According to Sen (471), welfarism aims at maximizing every individual’s utilities. Amber also plays an invaluable role in research. A 2012 study of 3,439 NFL players with five years or more in the NFL found that their neurogenerative mortality was three times that of the general U.S. population, and four times higher for two subcategories: Alzheimer’s disease, and Lou Gehrig’s Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS). The reality is that we still don’t know who is most likely to suffer a concussion, who will take longer to recover, how anatomic or genetic differences influence concussions, and who may be at risk of prolonged symptoms or developing cognitive problems later in life.”[34], Furthermore, many of the studies cited by those who would like to abolish tackle football have involved relatively small sample sizes. Utilitarianism - Utilitarianism - Historical survey: The ingredients of utilitarianism are found in the history of thought long before Bentham. [2] Steve Almond, Is It Immoral to Watch the Super Bowl?, New York Times, Jan. 24, 2014; Pamela R. Sailors, Personal Foul: An Evaluation of the Moral Status of Football, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(2): 269-286 (2015). How might the self-serving bias impact team physicians’ and trainers’ judgments and actions? What is the importance of utilitarianism in business? [6] Mayo Clinic, at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921. [53] Christie Aschwanden, Football’s Concussion Crisis Is Awash with Pseudoscience, Wired.com, Oct. 2, 2019. Web. [5] Center for Disease Control, at https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/concussion_whatis.html. Why or why not? In this regard, the business will be positively applying utilitarianism when they can balance the principles of pleasure and pain and how they can influence their performance. (Probably not; other kinds of brain abnormalities, such as inflammation or damage to neural wiring from head injuries, may play a role.)”. [77] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016 (quoting CBS News quoting, in turn, Dr. John York). Over the last ten years, more than one billion dollars in legal revenue has been generated from the mining and sale of amber. As with Bentham’s formulation, utilitarianism in business ethics is primarily concerned with outcomes rather than processes. For example, by selling quality and safe products, a business will be increasing its intrinsic value while meeting the needs of their customers at the same time. Most businesses consider this while making their hiring decisions, hoping that their new employees would live to the expectations by doing the best they can for the greater good of the business. Why or why not? However, this does not mean that everyone is a utilitarian because as a fundamental rule, there basic moral standards that one should not break. However, many such studies were funded or carried out by the NFL, owners of NFL franchises, universities that earn millions of dollars from football, and other interested parties. [67] Adam M. Finkel & Kevin F. Bieniek, How Public Helath Science Evaluates Evidence, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(3): 564-589 (2019). A business applying this element should engage in activities that increase its profits while at the same time serve the best interests of its customers, the community, and the government. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism values justice and includes beneficence at the same time. 8 short videos present the 7 principles of values-driven leadership from Giving Voice to Values by Mary Gentile. According to the theory, an action is good if it is for the good of the greatest number of people. Explain. Do you think that the NFL would make more safety-related changes if white players dominated rosters? A theory of ethical behavior, utilitarianism holds that an action is "right" to the extent that it benefits people or society, either by creating happiness, improving well-being, or reducing suffering. The theory of utilitarianism can be applied in business in many ways. 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